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DEEP EXCAVATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION

There can be different types of constructions involve deep excavation work. In foundation construction for high rise buildings, basement construction, foundations for bridge construction, underground railway stations, canal constructions, water or drainage pipe laying and many other construction works which were not listed here involves deep excavation work in construction industry. Shoring There are several methods or techniques used in shoring works for deep excavation such as; Sheet piling with lateral bracing Diaphragm walls  Secant pile walls Contiguous bored pile walls Soil nailing and shotcreting H iron and wooden plank shoring etc. Diaphragm wall after excavation, supported with ground anchors. Secant pile wall after excavation, supported by ground anchors  Sheet pile wall after excavation, supported with lateral steel bracing system. Installation of lateral bracings using universal steel sections Excavation Long arm excavators will be more useful in deep excavation work
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PRESTRESS CONCRETE

Post tensioning   Materials PC Strands   Strands 0.50”   Nominal Diameter 12.7mm   Nominal Area 98.71mm²   Nominal Weight 0.775kg/m   Tensile Strength 1860N/mm2   Modulus of Elasticity 195kN/mm   Min Breaking Load of Strand 183.7kN   International Standard Used ASTM A416   Sheathings The sheathings for bonded tendons shall be spirally wound galvanized steel tubing made from galvanized steel strips of 0.3 to 0.4mm thickness. The sheathings shall be mortar tight to prevent entrance of cement grout during concreting and shall be corrugated for better bo
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SHEET PILING

Sheet Piling is a common solution for temporary shoring work in deep excavations in the field of civil engineering. Sheet pile is a steel pile with the shape of letter C. Width, thickness, length and the shape of the sheet piles are in different categories. Normally the widths are in the range of 300mm to 700mm. And the length of the piles are normally 6m or 12m. Sample sizes of sheet piles are shown in above table.
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BORED AND CAST IN SITU PILES

Bored and cast in-situ piles or bored & cast in place piles carries the process of installation in the name it self. A bored and cast in-situ pile is installed by boring the soil and or rock using heavy machinery and pouring concrete to the bored hole with or without steel reinforcement. Figure: Rotary drilling machines in the process of pile boring You can watch the detailed process in video form the following link  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6YGxSzvmKo You can check more details from the following link MOS for Bored Cast In situ Pile Installation https://engcivilstuff.blogspot.com/2020/03/bored-piling-installation-by-rotary.html
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PILING & PILE FOUNDATIONS

Piling Piling is a term basically used in deep foundation works in construction industry. Piles are either use for the foundation of super structures (buildings, bridges, towers, etc.) or as supporting deep excavations (shoring by sheet piles, secant piles, contiguous bored piles, etc.) or in special cases like installation of sand piles as vertical drains for the soil consolidation/ soil improvement or sometimes in other areas which are not listed here. Piles may be by using wood, concrete, steel or some other material. And the installation method may be by bored in-situ cast, precast and hammer driven, etc. Figure: Marine sand piling barge Pile Foundations Piles are the most commonly used type of deep foundations where vertical distribution of the load takes place. There are different types of piles and they can be classified based on the type of the material of piles, method of installation or the amount of soil displaced during installation of the pile. As the g
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SITE PREPARATION & INSTALLATION OF A STEEL TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER

In a greenfield telecommunication tower installation project, there are few major steps as below; Site clearing Setting out of tower location and other equipment locations Foundation work Installation of steel tower Fixing Antenna brackets Earthing of tower Plinths for other equipment Fencing & completion Final acceptance test Site clearing Setting out of tower location Setting out will be done using a Total station machine. Normally the direction of antennas are given in the site handing over document by the planning division. And the arrangement plan of the tower premises also given by the document. The direction of legs and the location of tower will be suitably selected by the engineer or surveyor considering above facts. Tower foundation construction There are few steps in tower foundation construction after setting out of tower or tower legs locations. The steps are as follows; Excavation of foundation (dewaterin
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